HOW CAR SUSPENSION WORK

 

How car suspension works

  

Leaf-springbushHalf shafts and differentialcontained in casingMacPherson strutAnchor point to reinforced wingPivoted arm to frameDamperLiverearaxleRigid fixingto wheel hub

Leaf spring and MacPherson strut

A typical suspension system on a rear-wheel-drive car. It has a live rear axle on leaf springs, and independent front suspension of the MacPherson-strut type with interior damper.

There are various ways of attaching the wheels of the car so that they can move up and down on their springs and dampers, and do so with as little change as possible in the distance between adjacent wheels or in the near-vertical angle of the tyres to the road.

The front wheels must be free to pivot on their steering swivels. The driven wheels, whether front or rear, must also be free to rotate with the drive shafts.

Non-independent suspension

A rear-wheel-drive car often has a live axle, a tube containing both the drive shafts (half shafts) and the differentialgears. A four-wheel-drive car may have a live front axle as well.

A dead axle - a rigid beam - is now used at the front on vans and trucks only. Some front-wheel-drive cars have a dead rear axle.

A rigid axle will have springs and links to prevent sideways movement.

Independent suspension

Steering swivelball jointWishboneFrameTie rodDampermountingon lowerwishboneCastellated nut

Wishbone suspension

A double-wishbone suspension. Wishbones are fitted at their outer ends to the top and bottom of the steering swivel member. The two forks of each wishbone extend inward to pivot on the frame. A tie rod - a steadying bar - is connected between the frame and the lower wishbone.

Instead of sharing a common axle, each wheel on a car with independent suspension is independently attached to the body or subframe. Different spring combinations may be used.

When driven wheels are independently suspended, the differential is fixed to the frame and drives the wheels by jointed drive shafts.

There are five types of suspension system in common use.

Double wishbones are used mostly at the front. There are two wishbones, one above the other, to keep the wheel upright as it rises and falls.

MacPherson-strut suspension can be used at both front and rear. The wheel hub is fixed rigidly to an upright, telescopic, tubular strut which has its top end anchored to the frame or to a reinforced wing.

On front wheels, the whole strut swivels to allow steering. Pivoted arms extend inward and forward to the frame in order to keep the wheel upright and resist accelerating and braking forces.

A trailing arm is attached to the wheel hub at one end, and extends forward to a pivot on the frame.

The arm may be broadened into a V shape with two pivots, either side by side or with the inner pivot slightly behind the front one - a semi-trailing arm. Trailing arms are usually found at the rear only.

DamperJointed drive shaftDifferential fixed tothe frameTrailing armPivots

Trailing-arm suspension

A trailing-arm suspension on a rear-wheel-drive car. The arm is attached to the rear wheel hub and broadens into a V whose two arms extend forward to pivot on the frame. The differential is fixed to the frame and the drive shafts have universal joints.

A leading arm , used only at the front, is the opposite of a trailing arm, with the wheel in front of the pivot.

Swing axles may be at the front or rear. The system is like a beam axle cut in half and attached to pivots on the frame.

Usually the half-axle is broadened into a V with front and rear pivots to keep it from twisting.

Anti-roll bars

Anti-roll bar

Pivots allow the bar to twist, but to a limited degree so that rolling is controlled.

To restrain cars from rolling - leaning over on corners - an anti-roll bar is used, often at the front, sometimes at the back and sometimes at both front and back.

It is a torsion bar crossing the car through two pivots on opposite sides of the frame.

Outside the pivots the bar bends back and one end is attached to each wheel, usually through one or two flexible rubber bushes.

When one wheel moves up it pulls up one end of the bar and the other end pulls up the other wheel, keeping the car level.

Limited roll is allowed by the twisting of the bar.

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Je, Roho Takatifu Ni Mtu?

Je, Roho Takatifu Ni Mtu?
ROHO TAKATIFU ya Mungu ni nini? Katika maneno yake ya utangulizi, Biblia inasema kwamba roho takatifu, ambayo pia inaitwa “nguvu za utendaji za Mungu,” ilikuwa ‘ikienda huku na huku juu ya uso wa maji.’ ( ) Katika simulizi la ubatizo wa Yesu, Mungu anatajwa kuwa katika “mbingu,” na roho takatifu inaonekana “ikishuka kama njiwa” juu ya Yesu. ( ) Pia, Yesu aliitaja roho takatifu kuwa “msaidizi.”— .
Maandiko hayo pamoja na maandiko mengine katika Biblia yamefanya watu fulani wakate kauli kwamba roho takatifu ni mtu, kama vile Mungu, Yesu, na malaika walivyo watu wenye miili ya roho. Kwa kweli, kwa karne nyingi, baadhi ya dini zenye uvutano mkubwa zinazodai kuwa za Kikristo zimefundisha kwamba roho takatifu ni mtu. Licha ya kwamba fundisho hilo limedumu kwa muda mrefu, bado linawatatanisha washiriki wengi wa makanisa, na huenda hata wengine wakakosa kukubaliana na viongozi wao wa kidini kuhusu fundisho hilo. Kwa mfano, katika uchunguzi mmoja uliofanywa hivi majuzi, asilimia 61 ya wale waliohojiwa wanaamini kwamba roho ya Mungu ni “ishara ya kuwepo kwa Mungu au nguvu zake lakini hiyo si mtu.” Hata hivyo, Biblia inasema nini?
Biblia Inasema Nini?
Mtu anayesoma Biblia kwa unyoofu hana budi kukata kauli kwamba roho takatifu si mtu kama vile makanisa yanavyofundisha. Fikiria masimulizi yafuatayo ya Biblia.
1. Maria, mama ya Yesu, alipomtembelea Elisabeti, binamu yake, Biblia inasema kwamba mtoto aliyekuwa katika tumbo la uzazi la Elisabeti aliruka, “na Elisabeti akajazwa roho takatifu.” ( ) Je, ni jambo linalopatana na akili kuwazia kwamba mtu anaweza ‘kujazwa’ mtu mwingine?
2. Alipokuwa akiwaambia wanafunzi wake kwamba Yesu ndiye angechukua nafasi yake, Yohana Mbatizaji alisema hivi: “Mimi ninawabatiza ninyi kwa maji . . . , lakini yule anayekuja nyuma yangu ana nguvu kuliko mimi, ambaye viatu vyake mimi sistahili kuvivua. Huyo atawabatiza ninyi kwa roho takatifu.” ( ) Kwa kweli Yohana hakuwa akimrejelea mtu aliposema kuhusu kuwabatiza watu kwa roho takatifu.
3. Alipokuwa akimtembelea ofisa-jeshi mmoja wa Roma na familia yake, mtume Petro alisema kwamba Mungu alikuwa amemtia mafuta Yesu “kwa roho takatifu na nguvu.” ( ) Muda mfupi baadaye, ‘roho takatifu iliangukia’ familia ya ofisa-jeshi huyo. Simulizi hilo linasema kwamba wengi walishangaa “kwa sababu zawadi ya bure ya roho takatifu ilikuwa ikimiminwa pia juu ya watu wa mataifa.” ( ) Katika simulizi hilo pia maneno yanayotumiwa hayapatani na wazo la kwamba roho takatifu ni mtu.
Ni jambo la kawaida kwa Biblia kutaja vitu fulani kana kwamba ni watu. Vitu hivyo vinatia ndani hekima, utambuzi, dhambi, kifo, na fadhili zisizostahiliwa. (
) Yesu mwenyewe alisema kwamba “hekima huonyeshwa kuwa yenye uadilifu kwa watoto wake wote,” au kwa matokeo yake mazuri. ( ) Ni wazi kwamba hekima si mwanadamu ambaye ana watoto halisi! Vivyo hivyo, roho takatifu si mtu kwa sababu tu nyakati nyingine inatajwa kana kwamba ni mtu.
Roho Takatifu Ni Nini?
Katika Biblia, roho takatifu ya Mungu inafafanuliwa kuwa wonyesho wa nguvu za Mungu. Hivyo, tafsiri sahihi ya maandiko ya Kiebrania inarejelea roho takatifu kuwa “nguvu za utendaji za Mungu.” ( ) Wazo hilo linaungwa mkono na Maandiko.—
.
Tofauti na imani ya watu wengi, Mungu hayuko kila mahali kila wakati. Badala yake, yeye huishi katika makao ya roho, ‘makao yaliyofanywa imara.’ (
) Maandiko pia yanataja kwamba Mungu huishi mahali hususa palipo na ‘kiti chake cha ufalme.’ (
) Hata hivyo, kutoka ‘makao yake yaliyofanywa imara,’ anaweza kutumia nguvu zake za utendaji mahali popote pale katika makao ya roho na ya kidunia.— .

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